initial commit

2026-06-25 21:29:21 +00:00
commit 0d0a7456de
2738 changed files with 542622 additions and 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+
+class BidiConnection:
+    def __init__(self, session, cdp, devtools_import) -> None:
+        self.session = session
+        self.cdp = cdp
+        self.devtools = devtools_import
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import base64
+import os
+import socket
+from enum import Enum
+from urllib import parse
+
+import certifi
+
+from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy, ProxyType
+
+
+class AuthType(Enum):
+    BASIC = "Basic"
+    BEARER = "Bearer"
+    X_API_KEY = "X-API-Key"
+
+
+class _ClientConfigDescriptor:
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        return obj.__dict__[self.name]
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value) -> None:
+        obj.__dict__[self.name] = value
+
+
+class ClientConfig:
+    remote_server_addr = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_remote_server_addr")
+    """Gets and Sets Remote Server."""
+    keep_alive = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_keep_alive")
+    """Gets and Sets Keep Alive value."""
+    proxy = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_proxy")
+    """Gets and Sets the proxy used for communicating with the driver/server."""
+    ignore_certificates = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_ignore_certificates")
+    """Gets and Sets the ignore certificate check value."""
+    init_args_for_pool_manager = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_init_args_for_pool_manager")
+    """Gets and Sets the ignore certificate check."""
+    timeout = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_timeout")
+    """Gets and Sets the timeout (in seconds) used for communicating with the driver/server."""
+    ca_certs = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_ca_certs")
+    """Gets and Sets the path to bundle of CA certificates."""
+    username = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_username")
+    """Gets and Sets the username used for basic authentication to the remote."""
+    password = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_password")
+    """Gets and Sets the password used for basic authentication to the remote."""
+    auth_type = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_auth_type")
+    """Gets and Sets the type of authentication to the remote server."""
+    token = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_token")
+    """Gets and Sets the token used for authentication to the remote server."""
+    user_agent = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_user_agent")
+    """Gets and Sets user agent to be added to the request headers."""
+    extra_headers = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_extra_headers")
+    """Gets and Sets extra headers to be added to the request."""
+    websocket_timeout = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_websocket_timeout")
+    """Gets and Sets the WebSocket response wait timeout (in seconds) used for communicating with the browser."""
+    websocket_interval = _ClientConfigDescriptor("_websocket_interval")
+    """Gets and Sets the WebSocket response wait interval (in seconds) used for communicating with the browser."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        remote_server_addr: str,
+        keep_alive: bool | None = True,
+        proxy: Proxy | None = Proxy(raw={"proxyType": ProxyType.SYSTEM}),
+        ignore_certificates: bool | None = False,
+        init_args_for_pool_manager: dict | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        auth_type: AuthType | None = AuthType.BASIC,
+        token: str | None = None,
+        user_agent: str | None = None,
+        extra_headers: dict | None = None,
+        websocket_timeout: float | None = 30.0,
+        websocket_interval: float | None = 0.1,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.remote_server_addr = remote_server_addr
+        self.keep_alive = keep_alive
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.ignore_certificates = ignore_certificates
+        self.init_args_for_pool_manager = init_args_for_pool_manager or {}
+        self.timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout() if timeout is None else timeout
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.auth_type = auth_type
+        self.token = token
+        self.user_agent = user_agent
+        self.extra_headers = extra_headers
+        self.websocket_timeout = websocket_timeout
+        self.websocket_interval = websocket_interval
+
+        self.ca_certs = (
+            (os.getenv("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE") if "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE" in os.environ else certifi.where())
+            if ca_certs is None
+            else ca_certs
+        )
+
+    def reset_timeout(self) -> None:
+        """Resets the timeout to the default value of socket."""
+        self._timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+
+    def get_proxy_url(self) -> str | None:
+        """Returns the proxy URL to use for the connection."""
+        proxy_type = self.proxy.proxy_type
+        remote_add = parse.urlparse(self.remote_server_addr)
+        if proxy_type is ProxyType.DIRECT:
+            return None
+        if proxy_type is ProxyType.SYSTEM:
+            _no_proxy = os.environ.get("no_proxy", os.environ.get("NO_PROXY"))
+            if _no_proxy:
+                for entry in map(str.strip, _no_proxy.split(",")):
+                    if entry == "*":
+                        return None
+                    n_url = parse.urlparse(entry)
+                    if n_url.netloc and remote_add.netloc == n_url.netloc:
+                        return None
+                    if n_url.path in remote_add.netloc:
+                        return None
+            return os.environ.get(
+                "https_proxy" if self.remote_server_addr.startswith("https://") else "http_proxy",
+                os.environ.get("HTTPS_PROXY" if self.remote_server_addr.startswith("https://") else "HTTP_PROXY"),
+            )
+        if proxy_type is ProxyType.MANUAL:
+            return self.proxy.sslProxy if self.remote_server_addr.startswith("https://") else self.proxy.http_proxy
+        return None
+
+    def get_auth_header(self) -> dict | None:
+        """Returns the authorization to add to the request headers."""
+        if self.auth_type is AuthType.BASIC and self.username and self.password:
+            credentials = f"{self.username}:{self.password}"
+            encoded_credentials = base64.b64encode(credentials.encode("utf-8")).decode("utf-8")
+            return {"Authorization": f"{AuthType.BASIC.value} {encoded_credentials}"}
+        if self.auth_type is AuthType.BEARER and self.token:
+            return {"Authorization": f"{AuthType.BEARER.value} {self.token}"}
+        if self.auth_type is AuthType.X_API_KEY and self.token:
+            return {f"{AuthType.X_API_KEY.value}": f"{self.token}"}
+        return None
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+
+class Command:
+    """Defines constants for the standard WebDriver commands.
+
+    While these constants have no meaning in and of themselves, they are
+    used to marshal commands through a service that implements WebDriver's
+    remote wire protocol:
+
+        https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/
+    """
+
+    NEW_SESSION: str = "newSession"
+    DELETE_SESSION: str = "deleteSession"
+    NEW_WINDOW: str = "newWindow"
+    CLOSE: str = "close"
+    QUIT: str = "quit"
+    GET: str = "get"
+    GO_BACK: str = "goBack"
+    GO_FORWARD: str = "goForward"
+    REFRESH: str = "refresh"
+    ADD_COOKIE: str = "addCookie"
+    GET_COOKIE: str = "getCookie"
+    GET_ALL_COOKIES: str = "getCookies"
+    DELETE_COOKIE: str = "deleteCookie"
+    DELETE_ALL_COOKIES: str = "deleteAllCookies"
+    FIND_ELEMENT: str = "findElement"
+    FIND_ELEMENTS: str = "findElements"
+    FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT: str = "findChildElement"
+    FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS: str = "findChildElements"
+    CLEAR_ELEMENT: str = "clearElement"
+    CLICK_ELEMENT: str = "clickElement"
+    SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT: str = "sendKeysToElement"
+    W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE: str = "w3cGetCurrentWindowHandle"
+    W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES: str = "w3cGetWindowHandles"
+    SET_WINDOW_RECT: str = "setWindowRect"
+    GET_WINDOW_RECT: str = "getWindowRect"
+    SWITCH_TO_WINDOW: str = "switchToWindow"
+    SWITCH_TO_FRAME: str = "switchToFrame"
+    SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME: str = "switchToParentFrame"
+    W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT: str = "w3cGetActiveElement"
+    GET_CURRENT_URL: str = "getCurrentUrl"
+    GET_PAGE_SOURCE: str = "getPageSource"
+    GET_TITLE: str = "getTitle"
+    W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT: str = "w3cExecuteScript"
+    W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC: str = "w3cExecuteScriptAsync"
+    GET_ELEMENT_TEXT: str = "getElementText"
+    GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME: str = "getElementTagName"
+    IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED: str = "isElementSelected"
+    IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED: str = "isElementEnabled"
+    GET_ELEMENT_RECT: str = "getElementRect"
+    GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE: str = "getElementAttribute"
+    GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY: str = "getElementProperty"
+    GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY: str = "getElementValueOfCssProperty"
+    GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_ROLE: str = "getElementAriaRole"
+    GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_LABEL: str = "getElementAriaLabel"
+    SCREENSHOT: str = "screenshot"
+    ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT: str = "elementScreenshot"
+    EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT: str = "executeAsyncScript"
+    SET_TIMEOUTS: str = "setTimeouts"
+    GET_TIMEOUTS: str = "getTimeouts"
+    W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW: str = "w3cMaximizeWindow"
+    GET_LOG: str = "getLog"
+    GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES: str = "getAvailableLogTypes"
+    FULLSCREEN_WINDOW: str = "fullscreenWindow"
+    MINIMIZE_WINDOW: str = "minimizeWindow"
+    PRINT_PAGE: str = "printPage"
+
+    # Alerts
+    W3C_DISMISS_ALERT: str = "w3cDismissAlert"
+    W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT: str = "w3cAcceptAlert"
+    W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE: str = "w3cSetAlertValue"
+    W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT: str = "w3cGetAlertText"
+
+    # Advanced user interactions
+    W3C_ACTIONS: str = "actions"
+    W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS: str = "clearActionState"
+
+    # Screen Orientation
+    SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION: str = "setScreenOrientation"
+    GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION: str = "getScreenOrientation"
+
+    # Mobile
+    GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION: str = "getNetworkConnection"
+    SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION: str = "setNetworkConnection"
+    CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE: str = "getCurrentContextHandle"
+    CONTEXT_HANDLES: str = "getContextHandles"
+    SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT: str = "switchToContext"
+
+    # Web Components
+    GET_SHADOW_ROOT: str = "getShadowRoot"
+    FIND_ELEMENT_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT: str = "findElementFromShadowRoot"
+    FIND_ELEMENTS_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT: str = "findElementsFromShadowRoot"
+
+    # Virtual Authenticator
+    ADD_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR: str = "addVirtualAuthenticator"
+    REMOVE_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR: str = "removeVirtualAuthenticator"
+    ADD_CREDENTIAL: str = "addCredential"
+    GET_CREDENTIALS: str = "getCredentials"
+    REMOVE_CREDENTIAL: str = "removeCredential"
+    REMOVE_ALL_CREDENTIALS: str = "removeAllCredentials"
+    SET_USER_VERIFIED: str = "setUserVerified"
+
+    # Remote File Management
+    UPLOAD_FILE: str = "uploadFile"
+    GET_DOWNLOADABLE_FILES: str = "getDownloadableFiles"
+    DOWNLOAD_FILE: str = "downloadFile"
+    DELETE_DOWNLOADABLE_FILES: str = "deleteDownloadableFiles"
+
+    # Remote Session Events
+    FIRE_SESSION_EVENT: str = "fireSessionEvent"
+
+    # Federated Credential Management (FedCM)
+    GET_FEDCM_TITLE: str = "getFedcmTitle"
+    GET_FEDCM_DIALOG_TYPE: str = "getFedcmDialogType"
+    GET_FEDCM_ACCOUNT_LIST: str = "getFedcmAccountList"
+    SELECT_FEDCM_ACCOUNT: str = "selectFedcmAccount"
+    CLICK_FEDCM_DIALOG_BUTTON: str = "clickFedcmDialogButton"
+    CANCEL_FEDCM_DIALOG: str = "cancelFedcmDialog"
+    SET_FEDCM_DELAY: str = "setFedcmDelay"
+    RESET_FEDCM_COOLDOWN: str = "resetFedcmCooldown"
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import json
+from typing import Any
+
+from selenium.common.exceptions import (
+    DetachedShadowRootException,
+    ElementClickInterceptedException,
+    ElementNotInteractableException,
+    ElementNotSelectableException,
+    ElementNotVisibleException,
+    ImeActivationFailedException,
+    ImeNotAvailableException,
+    InsecureCertificateException,
+    InvalidArgumentException,
+    InvalidCookieDomainException,
+    InvalidCoordinatesException,
+    InvalidElementStateException,
+    InvalidSelectorException,
+    InvalidSessionIdException,
+    JavascriptException,
+    MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException,
+    NoAlertPresentException,
+    NoSuchCookieException,
+    NoSuchElementException,
+    NoSuchFrameException,
+    NoSuchShadowRootException,
+    NoSuchWindowException,
+    ScreenshotException,
+    SessionNotCreatedException,
+    StaleElementReferenceException,
+    TimeoutException,
+    UnableToSetCookieException,
+    UnexpectedAlertPresentException,
+    UnknownMethodException,
+    WebDriverException,
+)
+
+
+class ExceptionMapping:
+    """Maps each errorcode in ErrorCode object to corresponding exception.
+
+    Please refer to https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver2/#errors for w3c specification.
+    """
+
+    NO_SUCH_ELEMENT = NoSuchElementException
+    NO_SUCH_FRAME = NoSuchFrameException
+    NO_SUCH_SHADOW_ROOT = NoSuchShadowRootException
+    STALE_ELEMENT_REFERENCE = StaleElementReferenceException
+    ELEMENT_NOT_VISIBLE = ElementNotVisibleException
+    INVALID_ELEMENT_STATE = InvalidElementStateException
+    UNKNOWN_ERROR = WebDriverException
+    ELEMENT_IS_NOT_SELECTABLE = ElementNotSelectableException
+    JAVASCRIPT_ERROR = JavascriptException
+    TIMEOUT = TimeoutException
+    NO_SUCH_WINDOW = NoSuchWindowException
+    INVALID_COOKIE_DOMAIN = InvalidCookieDomainException
+    UNABLE_TO_SET_COOKIE = UnableToSetCookieException
+    UNEXPECTED_ALERT_OPEN = UnexpectedAlertPresentException
+    NO_ALERT_OPEN = NoAlertPresentException
+    SCRIPT_TIMEOUT = TimeoutException
+    IME_NOT_AVAILABLE = ImeNotAvailableException
+    IME_ENGINE_ACTIVATION_FAILED = ImeActivationFailedException
+    INVALID_SELECTOR = InvalidSelectorException
+    SESSION_NOT_CREATED = SessionNotCreatedException
+    MOVE_TARGET_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException
+    INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR = InvalidSelectorException
+    INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR_RETURN_TYPER = InvalidSelectorException
+    ELEMENT_NOT_INTERACTABLE = ElementNotInteractableException
+    INSECURE_CERTIFICATE = InsecureCertificateException
+    INVALID_ARGUMENT = InvalidArgumentException
+    INVALID_COORDINATES = InvalidCoordinatesException
+    INVALID_SESSION_ID = InvalidSessionIdException
+    NO_SUCH_COOKIE = NoSuchCookieException
+    UNABLE_TO_CAPTURE_SCREEN = ScreenshotException
+    ELEMENT_CLICK_INTERCEPTED = ElementClickInterceptedException
+    UNKNOWN_METHOD = UnknownMethodException
+    DETACHED_SHADOW_ROOT = DetachedShadowRootException
+
+
+class ErrorCode:
+    """Error codes defined in the WebDriver wire protocol."""
+
+    # Keep in sync with org.openqa.selenium.remote.ErrorCodes and errorcodes.h
+    SUCCESS = 0
+    NO_SUCH_ELEMENT = [7, "no such element"]
+    NO_SUCH_FRAME = [8, "no such frame"]
+    NO_SUCH_SHADOW_ROOT = ["no such shadow root"]
+    UNKNOWN_COMMAND = [9, "unknown command"]
+    STALE_ELEMENT_REFERENCE = [10, "stale element reference"]
+    ELEMENT_NOT_VISIBLE = [11, "element not visible"]
+    INVALID_ELEMENT_STATE = [12, "invalid element state"]
+    UNKNOWN_ERROR = [13, "unknown error"]
+    ELEMENT_IS_NOT_SELECTABLE = [15, "element not selectable"]
+    JAVASCRIPT_ERROR = [17, "javascript error"]
+    XPATH_LOOKUP_ERROR = [19, "invalid selector"]
+    TIMEOUT = [21, "timeout"]
+    NO_SUCH_WINDOW = [23, "no such window"]
+    INVALID_COOKIE_DOMAIN = [24, "invalid cookie domain"]
+    UNABLE_TO_SET_COOKIE = [25, "unable to set cookie"]
+    UNEXPECTED_ALERT_OPEN = [26, "unexpected alert open"]
+    NO_ALERT_OPEN = [27, "no such alert"]
+    SCRIPT_TIMEOUT = [28, "script timeout"]
+    INVALID_ELEMENT_COORDINATES = [29, "invalid element coordinates"]
+    IME_NOT_AVAILABLE = [30, "ime not available"]
+    IME_ENGINE_ACTIVATION_FAILED = [31, "ime engine activation failed"]
+    INVALID_SELECTOR = [32, "invalid selector"]
+    SESSION_NOT_CREATED = [33, "session not created"]
+    MOVE_TARGET_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = [34, "move target out of bounds"]
+    INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR = [51, "invalid selector"]
+    INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR_RETURN_TYPER = [52, "invalid selector"]
+
+    ELEMENT_NOT_INTERACTABLE = [60, "element not interactable"]
+    INSECURE_CERTIFICATE = ["insecure certificate"]
+    INVALID_ARGUMENT = [61, "invalid argument"]
+    INVALID_COORDINATES = ["invalid coordinates"]
+    INVALID_SESSION_ID = ["invalid session id"]
+    NO_SUCH_COOKIE = [62, "no such cookie"]
+    UNABLE_TO_CAPTURE_SCREEN = [63, "unable to capture screen"]
+    ELEMENT_CLICK_INTERCEPTED = [64, "element click intercepted"]
+    UNKNOWN_METHOD = ["unknown method exception"]
+    DETACHED_SHADOW_ROOT = [65, "detached shadow root"]
+
+    METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = [405, "unsupported operation"]
+
+
+class ErrorHandler:
+    """Handles errors returned by the WebDriver server."""
+
+    def check_response(self, response: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Check that a JSON response from the WebDriver does not have an error.
+
+        Args:
+            response: The JSON response from the WebDriver server as a dictionary
+                object.
+
+        Raises:
+            WebDriverException: If the response contains an error message.
+        """
+        status = response.get("status", None)
+        if not status or status == ErrorCode.SUCCESS:
+            return
+        value = None
+        message = response.get("message", "")
+        screen: str = response.get("screen", "")
+        stacktrace = None
+        if isinstance(status, int):
+            value_json = response.get("value", None)
+            if value_json and isinstance(value_json, str):
+                try:
+                    value = json.loads(value_json)
+                    if isinstance(value, dict):
+                        if len(value) == 1:
+                            value = value["value"]
+                        status = value.get("error", None)
+                        if not status:
+                            status = value.get("status", ErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR)
+                            message = value.get("value") or value.get("message")
+                            if not isinstance(message, str):
+                                value = message
+                                message = message.get("message") if isinstance(message, dict) else None
+                        else:
+                            message = value.get("message", None)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+
+        exception_class: type[WebDriverException]
+        e = ErrorCode()
+        error_codes = [item for item in dir(e) if not item.startswith("__")]
+        for error_code in error_codes:
+            error_info = getattr(ErrorCode, error_code)
+            if isinstance(error_info, list) and status in error_info:
+                exception_class = getattr(ExceptionMapping, error_code, WebDriverException)
+                break
+        else:
+            exception_class = WebDriverException
+
+        if not value:
+            value = response["value"]
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            raise exception_class(value)
+        if message == "" and "message" in value:
+            message = value["message"]
+
+        screen = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        if "screen" in value:
+            screen = value["screen"]
+
+        stacktrace = None
+        st_value = value.get("stackTrace") or value.get("stacktrace")
+        if st_value:
+            if isinstance(st_value, str):
+                stacktrace = st_value.split("\n")
+            else:
+                stacktrace = []
+                try:
+                    for frame in st_value:
+                        line = frame.get("lineNumber", "")
+                        file = frame.get("fileName", "<anonymous>")
+                        if line:
+                            file = f"{file}:{line}"
+                        meth = frame.get("methodName", "<anonymous>")
+                        if "className" in frame:
+                            meth = f"{frame['className']}.{meth}"
+                        msg = "    at %s (%s)"
+                        msg = msg % (meth, file)
+                        stacktrace.append(msg)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+        if exception_class == UnexpectedAlertPresentException:
+            alert_text = None
+            if "data" in value:
+                alert_text = value["data"].get("text")
+            elif "alert" in value:
+                alert_text = value["alert"].get("text")
+            raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace, alert_text)
+        raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
+
+
+class FedCM:
+    def __init__(self, driver) -> None:
+        self._driver = driver
+
+    @property
+    def title(self) -> str:
+        """Gets the title of the dialog."""
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.GET_FEDCM_TITLE)["value"].get("title")
+
+    @property
+    def subtitle(self) -> str | None:
+        """Gets the subtitle of the dialog."""
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.GET_FEDCM_TITLE)["value"].get("subtitle")
+
+    @property
+    def dialog_type(self) -> str:
+        """Gets the type of the dialog currently being shown."""
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.GET_FEDCM_DIALOG_TYPE).get("value")
+
+    @property
+    def account_list(self) -> list[dict]:
+        """Gets the list of accounts shown in the dialog."""
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.GET_FEDCM_ACCOUNT_LIST).get("value")
+
+    def select_account(self, index: int) -> None:
+        """Selects an account from the dialog by index."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SELECT_FEDCM_ACCOUNT, {"accountIndex": index})
+
+    def accept(self) -> None:
+        """Clicks the continue button in the dialog."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.CLICK_FEDCM_DIALOG_BUTTON, {"dialogButton": "ConfirmIdpLoginContinue"})
+
+    def dismiss(self) -> None:
+        """Cancels/dismisses the FedCM dialog."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.CANCEL_FEDCM_DIALOG)
+
+    def enable_delay(self) -> None:
+        """Re-enables the promise rejection delay for FedCM."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SET_FEDCM_DELAY, {"enabled": True})
+
+    def disable_delay(self) -> None:
+        """Disables the promise rejection delay for FedCM."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SET_FEDCM_DELAY, {"enabled": False})
+
+    def reset_cooldown(self) -> None:
+        """Resets the FedCM dialog cooldown, allowing immediate retriggers."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.RESET_FEDCM_COOLDOWN)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+from contextlib import suppress
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from selenium.webdriver.common.utils import keys_to_typing
+
+
+class FileDetector(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """Identify whether a sequence of characters represents a file path."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_local_file(self, *keys: str | int | float) -> str | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class UselessFileDetector(FileDetector):
+    """A file detector that never finds anything."""
+
+    def is_local_file(self, *keys: str | int | float) -> str | None:
+        return None
+
+
+class LocalFileDetector(FileDetector):
+    """Detects files on the local disk."""
+
+    def is_local_file(self, *keys: str | int | float) -> str | None:
+        file_path = "".join(keys_to_typing(keys))
+
+        with suppress(OSError):
+            if Path(file_path).is_file():
+                return file_path
+        return None
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+function(){return (function(){/*
+
+ Copyright The Closure Library Authors.
+ Copyright The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+*/
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+
+ Copyright The Closure Library Authors.
+ SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+*/
+function k(a){var b=typeof a;return b=="object"&&a!=null||b=="function"}
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+ Copyright The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
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+
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+ Copyright The Closure Library Authors.
+ Copyright The Closure Compiler Authors.
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+ Copyright The Closure Library Authors.
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+function Ma(a){function b(k){function l(ba){if(ba==h)return!0;var oa=T(ba,"display");return oa.lastIndexOf("inline",0)==0||oa=="contents"||pa=="absolute"&&T(ba,"position")=="static"?!1:!0}var pa=T(k,"position");if(pa=="fixed")return qa=!0,k==h?null:h;for(k=S(k);k&&!l(k);)k=S(k);return k}function c(k){var l=k;if(v=="visible")if(k==h&&n)l=n;else if(k==n)return{x:"visible",y:"visible"};l={x:T(l,"overflow-x"),y:T(l,"overflow-y")};k==h&&(l.x=l.x=="visible"?"auto":l.x,l.y=l.y=="visible"?"auto":l.y);return l}
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+W?W:"scroll"}}}return"none"}
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+function Oa(a){if(Ha){if(T(a,"position")=="relative")return 1;a=T(a,"filter");return(a=a.match(/^alpha\(opacity=(\d*)\)/)||a.match(/^progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha\(Opacity=(\d*)\)/))?Number(a[1])/100:1}return Ra(a)}function Ra(a){var b=1,c=T(a,"opacity");c&&(b=Number(c));(a=S(a))&&(b*=Ra(a));return b};function Sa(a,b){function c(e){if(O(e)&&(T(e,"display")=="none"||T(e,"content-visibility")=="hidden"))return!1;var d;if((d=e.parentNode)&&d.shadowRoot&&e.assignedSlot!==void 0)d=e.assignedSlot?e.assignedSlot.parentNode:null;else if(e.getDestinationInsertionPoints){var f=e.getDestinationInsertionPoints();f.length>0&&(d=f[f.length-1])}if(Ka&&d instanceof ShadowRoot){if(d.host.shadowRoot&&d.host.shadowRoot!==d)return!1;d=d.host}return!d||d.nodeType!=9&&d.nodeType!=11?d&&O(d,"DETAILS")&&!d.open&&!O(e,
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@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+from selenium.common.exceptions import InvalidSelectorException
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
+
+class LocatorConverter:
+    def convert(self, by, value):
+        # Default conversion logic
+        if by == By.ID:
+            return By.CSS_SELECTOR, f'[id="{value}"]'
+        elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
+            if value and any(char.isspace() for char in value.strip()):
+                raise InvalidSelectorException("Compound class names are not allowed.")
+            return By.CSS_SELECTOR, f".{value}"
+        elif by == By.NAME:
+            return By.CSS_SELECTOR, f'[name="{value}"]'
+        return by, value
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
+
+
+class _ConnectionType:
+    def __init__(self, mask):
+        self.mask = mask
+
+    @property
+    def airplane_mode(self):
+        return self.mask % 2 == 1
+
+    @property
+    def wifi(self):
+        return (self.mask / 2) % 2 == 1
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        return (self.mask / 4) > 0
+
+
+class Mobile:
+    ConnectionType = _ConnectionType
+    ALL_NETWORK = ConnectionType(6)
+    WIFI_NETWORK = ConnectionType(2)
+    DATA_NETWORK = ConnectionType(4)
+    AIRPLANE_MODE = ConnectionType(1)
+
+    def __init__(self, driver):
+        import weakref
+
+        self._driver = weakref.proxy(driver)
+
+    @property
+    def network_connection(self):
+        return self.ConnectionType(self._driver.execute(Command.GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION)["value"])
+
+    def set_network_connection(self, network):
+        """Set the network connection for the remote device.
+
+        Example of setting airplane mode::
+
+            driver.mobile.set_network_connection(driver.mobile.AIRPLANE_MODE)
+        """
+        mode = network.mask if isinstance(network, self.ConnectionType) else network
+        return self.ConnectionType(
+            self._driver.execute(
+                Command.SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION, {"name": "network_connection", "parameters": {"type": mode}}
+            )["value"]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        """Returns the current context (Native or WebView)."""
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE)
+
+    @context.setter
+    def context(self, new_context) -> None:
+        """Sets the current context."""
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT, {"name": new_context})
+
+    @property
+    def contexts(self):
+        """Returns a list of available contexts."""
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.CONTEXT_HANDLES)
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import logging
+import string
+import sys
+import warnings
+from base64 import b64encode
+from urllib import parse
+from urllib.parse import unquote, urlparse
+
+import urllib3
+
+from selenium import __version__
+from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
+from selenium.webdriver.remote import utils
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler import ErrorCode
+
+LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+remote_commands = {
+    Command.NEW_SESSION: ("POST", "/session"),
+    Command.QUIT: ("DELETE", "/session/$sessionId"),
+    Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/window"),
+    Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/window/handles"),
+    Command.GET: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/url"),
+    Command.GO_FORWARD: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/forward"),
+    Command.GO_BACK: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/back"),
+    Command.REFRESH: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/refresh"),
+    Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/execute/sync"),
+    Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/execute/async"),
+    Command.GET_CURRENT_URL: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/url"),
+    Command.GET_TITLE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/title"),
+    Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/source"),
+    Command.SCREENSHOT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/screenshot"),
+    Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/screenshot"),
+    Command.FIND_ELEMENT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/element"),
+    Command.FIND_ELEMENTS: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/elements"),
+    Command.W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/active"),
+    Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/element"),
+    Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/elements"),
+    Command.CLICK_ELEMENT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/click"),
+    Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/clear"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/text"),
+    Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/name"),
+    Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected"),
+    Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/enabled"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/rect"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/attribute/$name"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/property/$name"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_ROLE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/computedrole"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_LABEL: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/computedlabel"),
+    Command.GET_SHADOW_ROOT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/shadow"),
+    Command.FIND_ELEMENT_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/shadow/$shadowId/element"),
+    Command.FIND_ELEMENTS_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/shadow/$shadowId/elements"),
+    Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/cookie"),
+    Command.ADD_COOKIE: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/cookie"),
+    Command.GET_COOKIE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name"),
+    Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES: ("DELETE", "/session/$sessionId/cookie"),
+    Command.DELETE_COOKIE: ("DELETE", "/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name"),
+    Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/frame"),
+    Command.SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/frame/parent"),
+    Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/window"),
+    Command.NEW_WINDOW: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/window/new"),
+    Command.CLOSE: ("DELETE", "/session/$sessionId/window"),
+    Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/element/$id/css/$propertyName"),
+    Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/execute_async"),
+    Command.SET_TIMEOUTS: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/timeouts"),
+    Command.GET_TIMEOUTS: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/timeouts"),
+    Command.W3C_DISMISS_ALERT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/alert/dismiss"),
+    Command.W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/alert/accept"),
+    Command.W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/alert/text"),
+    Command.W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/alert/text"),
+    Command.W3C_ACTIONS: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/actions"),
+    Command.W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS: ("DELETE", "/session/$sessionId/actions"),
+    Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/window/rect"),
+    Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/window/rect"),
+    Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/window/maximize"),
+    Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/orientation"),
+    Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/orientation"),
+    Command.GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/network_connection"),
+    Command.SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/network_connection"),
+    Command.GET_LOG: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/se/log"),
+    Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/se/log/types"),
+    Command.CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/context"),
+    Command.CONTEXT_HANDLES: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/contexts"),
+    Command.SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/context"),
+    Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/window/fullscreen"),
+    Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/window/minimize"),
+    Command.PRINT_PAGE: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/print"),
+    Command.ADD_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator"),
+    Command.REMOVE_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR: (
+        "DELETE",
+        "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId",
+    ),
+    Command.ADD_CREDENTIAL: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credential"),
+    Command.GET_CREDENTIALS: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credentials"),
+    Command.REMOVE_CREDENTIAL: (
+        "DELETE",
+        "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credentials/$credentialId",
+    ),
+    Command.REMOVE_ALL_CREDENTIALS: (
+        "DELETE",
+        "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credentials",
+    ),
+    Command.SET_USER_VERIFIED: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/uv"),
+    Command.UPLOAD_FILE: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/se/file"),
+    Command.GET_DOWNLOADABLE_FILES: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/se/files"),
+    Command.DOWNLOAD_FILE: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/se/files"),
+    Command.DELETE_DOWNLOADABLE_FILES: ("DELETE", "/session/$sessionId/se/files"),
+    Command.FIRE_SESSION_EVENT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/se/event"),
+    # Federated Credential Management (FedCM)
+    Command.GET_FEDCM_TITLE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/gettitle"),
+    Command.GET_FEDCM_DIALOG_TYPE: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/getdialogtype"),
+    Command.GET_FEDCM_ACCOUNT_LIST: ("GET", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/accountlist"),
+    Command.CLICK_FEDCM_DIALOG_BUTTON: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/clickdialogbutton"),
+    Command.CANCEL_FEDCM_DIALOG: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/canceldialog"),
+    Command.SELECT_FEDCM_ACCOUNT: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/selectaccount"),
+    Command.SET_FEDCM_DELAY: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/setdelayenabled"),
+    Command.RESET_FEDCM_COOLDOWN: ("POST", "/session/$sessionId/fedcm/resetcooldown"),
+}
+
+
+class RemoteConnection:
+    """A connection with the Remote WebDriver server.
+
+    Communicates with the server using the WebDriver wire protocol:
+    https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
+    """
+
+    browser_name: str | None = None
+    # Keep backward compatibility for AppiumConnection - https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/14694
+    import os
+    import socket
+
+    import certifi
+
+    _timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+    _ca_certs = os.getenv("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE") if "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE" in os.environ else certifi.where()
+    _client_config: ClientConfig
+
+    system = sys.platform
+    if system == "darwin":
+        system = "mac"
+
+    # Class variables for headers
+    extra_headers = None
+    user_agent = f"selenium/{__version__} (python {system})"
+
+    @property
+    def client_config(self):
+        return self._client_config
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_timeout(cls):
+        """Returns timeout value in seconds for all http requests made to the Remote Connection.
+
+        Returns:
+            Timeout value in seconds for all http requests made to the
+            Remote Connection
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "get_timeout() in RemoteConnection is deprecated, get timeout from client_config instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return cls._client_config.timeout
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_timeout(cls, timeout):
+        """Override the default timeout.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: timeout value for http requests in seconds
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "set_timeout() in RemoteConnection is deprecated, set timeout in client_config instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        cls._client_config.timeout = timeout
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset_timeout(cls):
+        """Reset the http request timeout to socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            "reset_timeout() in RemoteConnection is deprecated, use reset_timeout() in client_config instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        cls._client_config.reset_timeout()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_certificate_bundle_path(cls):
+        """Returns paths of the .pem encoded certificate to verify connection to command executor.
+
+        Returns:
+            Paths of the .pem encoded certificate to verify connection to
+            command executor. Defaults to certifi.where() or
+            REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE env variable if set.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "get_certificate_bundle_path() in RemoteConnection is deprecated, get ca_certs from client_config instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return cls._client_config.ca_certs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_certificate_bundle_path(cls, path):
+        """Set the path to the certificate bundle for verifying command executor connection.
+
+        Can also be set to None to disable certificate validation.
+
+        Args:
+            path: path of a .pem encoded certificate chain.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "set_certificate_bundle_path() in RemoteConnection is deprecated, set ca_certs in client_config instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        cls._client_config.ca_certs = path
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_remote_connection_headers(cls, parsed_url, keep_alive=False):
+        """Get headers for remote request.
+
+        Args:
+            parsed_url: The parsed url
+            keep_alive: Is this a keep-alive connection (default: False)
+        """
+        headers = {
+            "Accept": "application/json",
+            "Content-Type": "application/json;charset=UTF-8",
+            "User-Agent": cls.user_agent,
+        }
+
+        if parsed_url.username:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Embedding username and password in URL could be insecure, use ClientConfig instead", stacklevel=2
+            )
+            base64string = b64encode(f"{parsed_url.username}:{parsed_url.password}".encode())
+            headers.update({"Authorization": f"Basic {base64string.decode()}"})
+
+        if keep_alive:
+            headers.update({"Connection": "keep-alive"})
+
+        if cls.extra_headers:
+            headers.update(cls.extra_headers)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def _identify_http_proxy_auth(self):
+        parsed_url = urlparse(self._proxy_url)
+        if parsed_url.username and parsed_url.password:
+            return True
+
+    def _separate_http_proxy_auth(self):
+        parsed_url = urlparse(self._proxy_url)
+        proxy_without_auth = f"{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.hostname}:{parsed_url.port}"
+        auth = f"{parsed_url.username}:{parsed_url.password}"
+        return proxy_without_auth, auth
+
+    def _get_connection_manager(self):
+        pool_manager_init_args = {"timeout": self._client_config.timeout}
+        pool_manager_init_args.update(
+            self._client_config.init_args_for_pool_manager.get("init_args_for_pool_manager", {})
+        )
+
+        if self._client_config.ignore_certificates:
+            pool_manager_init_args["cert_reqs"] = "CERT_NONE"
+            urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
+        elif self._client_config.ca_certs:
+            pool_manager_init_args["cert_reqs"] = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+            pool_manager_init_args["ca_certs"] = self._client_config.ca_certs
+
+        if self._proxy_url:
+            if self._proxy_url.lower().startswith("sock"):
+                from urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager
+
+                return SOCKSProxyManager(self._proxy_url, **pool_manager_init_args)
+            if self._identify_http_proxy_auth():
+                self._proxy_url, self._basic_proxy_auth = self._separate_http_proxy_auth()
+                pool_manager_init_args["proxy_headers"] = urllib3.make_headers(
+                    proxy_basic_auth=unquote(self._basic_proxy_auth)
+                )
+            return urllib3.ProxyManager(self._proxy_url, **pool_manager_init_args)
+
+        return urllib3.PoolManager(**pool_manager_init_args)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        remote_server_addr: str | None = None,
+        keep_alive: bool = True,
+        ignore_proxy: bool = False,
+        ignore_certificates: bool | None = False,
+        init_args_for_pool_manager: dict | None = None,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
+    ):
+        if client_config:
+            self._client_config = client_config
+        elif remote_server_addr:
+            self._client_config = ClientConfig(
+                remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr,
+                keep_alive=keep_alive,
+                ignore_certificates=ignore_certificates,
+                init_args_for_pool_manager=init_args_for_pool_manager,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise WebDriverException("Must provide either 'remote_server_addr' or 'client_config'")
+
+        # Keep backward compatibility for AppiumConnection - https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/14694
+        RemoteConnection._timeout = self._client_config.timeout
+        RemoteConnection._ca_certs = self._client_config.ca_certs
+        RemoteConnection._client_config = self._client_config
+        RemoteConnection.extra_headers = self._client_config.extra_headers or RemoteConnection.extra_headers
+        RemoteConnection.user_agent = self._client_config.user_agent or RemoteConnection.user_agent
+
+        if remote_server_addr:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "setting remote_server_addr in RemoteConnection() is deprecated, set in client_config instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if not keep_alive:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "setting keep_alive in RemoteConnection() is deprecated, set in client_config instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if ignore_certificates:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "setting ignore_certificates in RemoteConnection() is deprecated, set in client_config instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if init_args_for_pool_manager:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "setting init_args_for_pool_manager in RemoteConnection() is deprecated, set in client_config instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if ignore_proxy:
+            self._proxy_url = None
+        else:
+            self._proxy_url = self._client_config.get_proxy_url()
+
+        if self._client_config.keep_alive:
+            self._conn = self._get_connection_manager()
+        self._commands = remote_commands
+
+    extra_commands: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    def add_command(self, name, method, url):
+        """Register a new command."""
+        self._commands[name] = (method, url)
+
+    def get_command(self, name: str):
+        """Retrieve a command if it exists."""
+        return self._commands.get(name)
+
+    def execute(self, command, params):
+        """Send a command to the remote server.
+
+        Any path substitutions required for the URL mapped to the command should be
+        included in the command parameters.
+
+        Args:
+            command: A string specifying the command to execute.
+            params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command as
+                its JSON payload.
+        """
+        command_info = self._commands.get(command) or self.extra_commands.get(command)
+        assert command_info is not None, f"Unrecognised command {command}"
+        path_string = command_info[1]
+        path = string.Template(path_string).substitute(params)
+        substitute_params = {word[1:] for word in path_string.split("/") if word.startswith("$")}  # remove dollar sign
+        if isinstance(params, dict) and substitute_params:
+            for word in substitute_params:
+                del params[word]
+        data = utils.dump_json(params)
+        url = f"{self._client_config.remote_server_addr}{path}"
+        trimmed = self._trim_large_entries(params)
+        LOGGER.debug("%s %s %s", command_info[0], url, str(trimmed))
+        return self._request(command_info[0], url, body=data)
+
+    def _request(self, method, url, body=None) -> dict:
+        """Send an HTTP request to the remote server.
+
+        Args:
+            method: A string for the HTTP method to send the request with.
+            url: A string for the URL to send the request to.
+            body: A string for request body. Ignored unless method is POST or PUT.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary with the server's parsed JSON response.
+        """
+        parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
+        headers = self.get_remote_connection_headers(parsed_url, self._client_config.keep_alive)
+        auth_header = self._client_config.get_auth_header()
+
+        if auth_header:
+            headers.update(auth_header)
+
+        if body and method not in ("POST", "PUT"):
+            body = None
+
+        if self._client_config.keep_alive:
+            response = self._conn.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers, timeout=self._client_config.timeout)
+            statuscode = response.status
+        else:
+            conn = self._get_connection_manager()
+            with conn as http:
+                response = http.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers, timeout=self._client_config.timeout)
+            statuscode = response.status
+        data = response.data.decode("UTF-8")
+        LOGGER.debug("Remote response: status=%s | data=%s | headers=%s", response.status, data, response.headers)
+        try:
+            if 300 <= statuscode < 304:
+                return self._request("GET", response.headers.get("location", None))
+            if statuscode == 401:
+                return {"status": statuscode, "value": "Authorization Required"}
+            if statuscode >= 400:
+                return {"status": statuscode, "value": response.reason if not data else data.strip()}
+            content_type = []
+            if response.headers.get("Content-Type", None):
+                content_type = response.headers.get("Content-Type", None).split(";")
+            if not any([x.startswith("image/png") for x in content_type]):
+                try:
+                    data = utils.load_json(data.strip())
+                except ValueError:
+                    if 199 < statuscode < 300:
+                        status = ErrorCode.SUCCESS
+                    else:
+                        status = ErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR  # type: ignore
+                    return {"status": status, "value": data.strip()}
+
+                # Some drivers incorrectly return a response
+                # with no 'value' field when they should return null.
+                if "value" not in data:
+                    data["value"] = None
+                return data
+            data = {"status": 0, "value": data}
+            return data
+        finally:
+            LOGGER.debug("Finished Request")
+            response.close()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Clean up resources when finished with the remote_connection."""
+        if hasattr(self, "_conn"):
+            self._conn.clear()
+
+    def _trim_large_entries(self, input_dict, max_length=100) -> dict | str:
+        """Truncate string values in a dictionary if they exceed max_length.
+
+        Args:
+            input_dict: Dictionary with potentially large values
+            max_length: Maximum allowed length of string values
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with truncated string values
+        """
+        output_dictionary = {}
+        for key, value in input_dict.items():
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                output_dictionary[key] = self._trim_large_entries(value, max_length)
+            elif isinstance(value, str) and len(value) > max_length:
+                output_dictionary[key] = value[:max_length] + "..."
+            else:
+                output_dictionary[key] = value
+
+        return output_dictionary
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import uuid
+
+
+class ScriptKey:
+    def __init__(self, id=None):
+        self._id = id or uuid.uuid4()
+
+    @property
+    def id(self):
+        return self._id
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._id == other
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ScriptKey(id={self.id})"
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import collections
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import time
+import urllib
+
+from selenium.webdriver.common.selenium_manager import SeleniumManager
+
+
+class Server:
+    """Manage a Selenium Grid (Remote) Server in standalone mode.
+
+    This class contains functionality for downloading the server and starting/stopping it.
+
+    For more information on Selenium Grid, see:
+        - https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/grid/getting_started/
+
+    Args:
+        host: Hostname or IP address to bind to (determined automatically if not specified).
+        port: Port to listen on (4444 if not specified).
+        path: Path/filename of existing server .jar file (Selenium Manager is used if not specified).
+        version: Version of server to download (latest version if not specified).
+        log_level: Logging level to control logging output ("INFO" if not specified).
+            Available levels: "SEVERE", "WARNING", "INFO", "CONFIG", "FINE", "FINER", "FINEST".
+        env: Mapping that defines the environment variables for the server process.
+        java_path: Path to the java executable to run the server.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host=None,
+        port=4444,
+        path=None,
+        version=None,
+        log_level="INFO",
+        env=None,
+        java_path=None,
+        startup_timeout=10,
+    ):
+        if path and version:
+            raise TypeError("Not allowed to specify a version when using an existing server path")
+
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.path = path
+        self.version = version
+        self.log_level = log_level
+        self.env = env
+        self.java_path = java_path
+        self.startup_timeout = startup_timeout
+        self.process = None
+
+    @property
+    def startup_timeout(self):
+        return self._startup_timeout
+
+    @startup_timeout.setter
+    def startup_timeout(self, timeout):
+        self._startup_timeout = int(timeout)
+
+    @property
+    def status_url(self):
+        host = self.host if self.host is not None else "localhost"
+        return f"http://{host}:{self.port}/status"
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return self._path
+
+    @path.setter
+    def path(self, path):
+        if path and not os.path.exists(path):
+            raise OSError(f"Can't find server .jar located at {path}")
+        self._path = path
+
+    @property
+    def port(self):
+        return self._port
+
+    @port.setter
+    def port(self, port):
+        try:
+            port = int(port)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError(f"{__class__.__name__}.__init__() got an invalid port: '{port}'")
+        if not (0 <= port <= 65535):
+            raise ValueError("port must be 0-65535")
+        self._port = port
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @version.setter
+    def version(self, version):
+        if version:
+            if not re.match(r"^\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", str(version)):
+                raise TypeError(f"{__class__.__name__}.__init__() got an invalid version: '{version}'")
+        self._version = version
+
+    @property
+    def log_level(self):
+        return self._log_level
+
+    @log_level.setter
+    def log_level(self, log_level):
+        levels = ("SEVERE", "WARNING", "INFO", "CONFIG", "FINE", "FINER", "FINEST")
+        if log_level not in levels:
+            raise TypeError(f"log_level must be one of: {', '.join(levels)}")
+        self._log_level = log_level
+
+    @property
+    def env(self):
+        return self._env
+
+    @env.setter
+    def env(self, env):
+        if env is not None and not isinstance(env, collections.abc.Mapping):
+            raise TypeError("env must be a mapping of environment variables")
+        self._env = env
+
+    @property
+    def java_path(self):
+        return self._java_path
+
+    @java_path.setter
+    def java_path(self, java_path):
+        if java_path and not os.path.exists(java_path):
+            raise OSError(f"Can't find java executable located at {java_path}")
+        self._java_path = java_path
+
+    def _wait_for_server(self, timeout=10):
+        start = time.time()
+        while time.time() - start < timeout:
+            try:
+                urllib.request.urlopen(self.status_url)
+                return True
+            except urllib.error.URLError:
+                time.sleep(0.2)
+        return False
+
+    def download_if_needed(self, version=None):
+        """Download the server if it doesn't already exist.
+
+        Latest version is downloaded unless specified.
+        """
+        args = ["--grid"]
+        if version is not None:
+            args.append(version)
+        return SeleniumManager().binary_paths(args)["driver_path"]
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Start the server.
+
+        Selenium Manager will detect the server location and download it if necessary,
+        unless an existing server path was specified.
+        """
+        path = self.download_if_needed(self.version) if self.path is None else self.path
+
+        java_path = self.java_path or shutil.which("java")
+        if java_path is None:
+            raise OSError("Can't find java on system PATH. JRE is required to run the Selenium server")
+
+        command = [
+            java_path,
+            "-jar",
+            path,
+            "standalone",
+            "--port",
+            str(self.port),
+            "--log-level",
+            self.log_level,
+            "--selenium-manager",
+            "true",
+            "--enable-managed-downloads",
+            "true",
+        ]
+        if self.host is not None:
+            command.extend(["--host", self.host])
+
+        host = self.host if self.host is not None else "localhost"
+
+        try:
+            with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as sock:
+                sock.connect((host, self.port))
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Selenium server is already running, or something else is using port {self.port}")
+        except ConnectionRefusedError:
+            print("Starting Selenium server...")
+            self.process = subprocess.Popen(command, env=self.env)
+            print(f"Selenium server running as process: {self.process.pid}")
+            if not self._wait_for_server(timeout=self.startup_timeout):
+                raise TimeoutError(f"Timed out waiting for Selenium server at {self.status_url}")
+            print("Selenium server is ready")
+        return self.process
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Stop the server."""
+        if self.process is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Selenium server isn't running")
+        else:
+            if self.process.poll() is None:
+                self.process.terminate()
+                self.process.wait()
+            self.process = None
+            print("Selenium server has been terminated")
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from hashlib import md5 as md5_hash
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from selenium.common.exceptions import InvalidSelectorException
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # we only import these when the module is analyzed for type annotations
+    # to avoid a circular import when it is run normally
+    from selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement import WebElement
+
+
+class ShadowRoot:
+    # TODO: We should look and see  how we can create a search context like Java/.NET
+
+    def __init__(self, session, id_) -> None:
+        self.session = session
+        self._id = id_
+
+    def __eq__(self, other_shadowroot) -> bool:
+        return self._id == other_shadowroot._id
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return int(md5_hash(self._id.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(), 16)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return '<{0.__module__}.{0.__name__} (session="{1}", element="{2}")>'.format(
+            type(self), self.session.session_id, self._id
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def id(self) -> str:
+        return self._id
+
+    def find_element(self, by: str = By.ID, value: str | None = None) -> WebElement:
+        """Find an element inside a shadow root given a By strategy and locator.
+
+        Args:
+            by: The locating strategy to use. Default is `By.ID`. Supported values include:
+                - By.ID: Locate by element ID.
+                - By.NAME: Locate by the `name` attribute.
+                - By.XPATH: Locate by an XPath expression.
+                - By.CSS_SELECTOR: Locate by a CSS selector.
+                - By.CLASS_NAME: Locate by the `class` attribute.
+                - By.TAG_NAME: Locate by the tag name (e.g., "input", "button").
+                - By.LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by its exact text.
+                - By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by partial text match.
+            value: The locator value to use with the specified `by` strategy.
+
+        Returns:
+            The first matching `WebElement` found on the page.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
+        """
+        if by == By.ID:
+            by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
+            value = f'[id="{value}"]'
+        elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
+            if value and any(char.isspace() for char in value.strip()):
+                raise InvalidSelectorException("Compound class names are not allowed.")
+            by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
+            value = f".{value}"
+        elif by == By.NAME:
+            by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
+            value = f'[name="{value}"]'
+
+        return self._execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
+
+    def find_elements(self, by: str = By.ID, value: str | None = None) -> list[WebElement]:
+        """Find elements inside a shadow root given a By strategy and locator.
+
+        Args:
+            by: The locating strategy to use. Default is `By.ID`. Supported values include:
+                - By.ID: Locate by element ID.
+                - By.NAME: Locate by the `name` attribute.
+                - By.XPATH: Locate by an XPath expression.
+                - By.CSS_SELECTOR: Locate by a CSS selector.
+                - By.CLASS_NAME: Locate by the `class` attribute.
+                - By.TAG_NAME: Locate by the tag name (e.g., "input", "button").
+                - By.LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by its exact text.
+                - By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by partial text match.
+            value: The locator value to use with the specified `by` strategy.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of `WebElements` matching locator strategy found on the page.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> element = driver.find_elements(By.ID, "foo")
+        """
+        if by == By.ID:
+            by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
+            value = f'[id="{value}"]'
+        elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
+            if value and any(char.isspace() for char in value.strip()):
+                raise InvalidSelectorException("Compound class names are not allowed.")
+            by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
+            value = f".{value}"
+        elif by == By.NAME:
+            by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
+            value = f'[name="{value}"]'
+
+        return self._execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
+
+    # Private Methods
+    def _execute(self, command, params=None):
+        """Executes a command against the underlying HTML element.
+
+        Args:
+          command: The name of the command to _execute as a string.
+          params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
+
+        Returns:
+          The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
+        """
+        if not params:
+            params = {}
+        params["shadowId"] = self._id
+        return self.session.execute(command, params)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+
+from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException, NoSuchFrameException, NoSuchWindowException
+from selenium.webdriver.common.alert import Alert
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement import WebElement
+
+
+class SwitchTo:
+    def __init__(self, driver) -> None:
+        import weakref
+
+        self._driver = weakref.proxy(driver)
+
+    @property
+    def active_element(self) -> WebElement:
+        """Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.switch_to.active_element
+        """
+        return self._driver.execute(Command.W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def alert(self) -> Alert:
+        """Switches focus to an alert on the page.
+
+        Example:
+            alert = driver.switch_to.alert
+        """
+        alert = Alert(self._driver)
+        _ = alert.text
+        return alert
+
+    def default_content(self) -> None:
+        """Switch focus to the default frame.
+
+        Example:
+            driver.switch_to.default_content()
+        """
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": None})
+
+    def frame(self, frame_reference: str | int | WebElement) -> None:
+        """Switch focus to the specified frame by index, name, or element.
+
+        Args:
+            frame_reference: The name of the frame to switch to, an integer representing the index,
+                or a WebElement that is an (i)frame to switch to.
+
+        Example:
+                driver.switch_to.frame("frame_name")
+                driver.switch_to.frame(1)
+                driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")[0])
+        """
+        if isinstance(frame_reference, str):
+            try:
+                frame_reference = self._driver.find_element(By.ID, frame_reference)
+            except NoSuchElementException:
+                try:
+                    frame_reference = self._driver.find_element(By.NAME, frame_reference)
+                except NoSuchElementException as exc:
+                    raise NoSuchFrameException(frame_reference) from exc
+
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": frame_reference})
+
+    def new_window(self, type_hint: str | None = None) -> None:
+        """Switches to a new top-level browsing context.
+
+        The type hint can be one of "tab" or "window". If not specified the
+        browser will automatically select it.
+
+        Example:
+                driver.switch_to.new_window("tab")
+        """
+        value = self._driver.execute(Command.NEW_WINDOW, {"type": type_hint})["value"]
+        self._w3c_window(value["handle"])
+
+    def parent_frame(self) -> None:
+        """Switch focus to the parent browsing context.
+
+        If the current context is already the top level browsing context, it remains unchanged.
+
+        Example:
+                driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
+        """
+        self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME)
+
+    def window(self, window_name: str) -> None:
+        """Switches focus to the specified window.
+
+        Args:
+            window_name: The name or window handle of the window to switch to.
+
+        Example:
+            driver.switch_to.window("main")
+        """
+        self._w3c_window(window_name)
+
+    def _w3c_window(self, window_name: str) -> None:
+        def send_handle(h):
+            self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {"handle": h})
+
+        try:
+            # Try using it as a handle first.
+            send_handle(window_name)
+        except NoSuchWindowException:
+            # Check every window to try to find the given window name.
+            original_handle = self._driver.current_window_handle
+            handles = self._driver.window_handles
+            for handle in handles:
+                send_handle(handle)
+                current_name = self._driver.execute_script("return window.name")
+                if window_name == current_name:
+                    return
+            send_handle(original_handle)
+            raise
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import json
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def dump_json(json_struct: Any) -> str:
+    return json.dumps(json_struct)
+
+
+def load_json(s: str | bytes) -> Any:
+    return json.loads(s)
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import pkgutil
+import warnings
+import zipfile
+from abc import ABCMeta
+from base64 import b64decode, encodebytes
+from hashlib import md5 as md5_hash
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from selenium.common.exceptions import JavascriptException, WebDriverException
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+from selenium.webdriver.common.utils import keys_to_typing
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.shadowroot import ShadowRoot
+
+# TODO: Use built in importlib_resources.files.
+getAttribute_js = None
+isDisplayed_js = None
+
+
+def _load_js():
+    global getAttribute_js
+    global isDisplayed_js
+    _pkg = ".".join(__name__.split(".")[:-1])
+    getAttribute_js = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "getAttribute.js").decode("utf8")
+    isDisplayed_js = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "isDisplayed.js").decode("utf8")
+
+
+class BaseWebElement(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """Abstract Base Class for WebElement.
+
+    ABC's will allow custom types to be registered as a WebElement to
+    pass type checks.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class WebElement(BaseWebElement):
+    """Represents a DOM element.
+
+    Generally, all interesting operations that interact with a document will be
+    performed through this interface.
+
+    All method calls will do a freshness check to ensure that the element
+    reference is still valid.  This essentially determines whether the
+    element is still attached to the DOM.  If this test fails, then an
+    `StaleElementReferenceException` is thrown, and all future calls to this
+    instance will fail.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, id_) -> None:
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._id = id_
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__} (session="{self.session_id}", element="{self._id}")>'
+
+    @property
+    def session_id(self) -> str:
+        return self._parent.session_id
+
+    @property
+    def tag_name(self) -> str:
+        """This element's `tagName` property.
+
+        Returns:
+            The tag name of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME)["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """The text of the element.
+
+        Returns:
+            The text of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
+            print(element.text)
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT)["value"]
+
+    def click(self) -> None:
+        """Clicks the element.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
+            element.click()
+        """
+        self._execute(Command.CLICK_ELEMENT)
+
+    def submit(self) -> None:
+        """Submits a form.
+
+        Example:
+            form = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "login")
+            form.submit()
+        """
+        script = (
+            "/* submitForm */var form = arguments[0];\n"
+            'while (form.nodeName != "FORM" && form.parentNode) {\n'
+            "  form = form.parentNode;\n"
+            "}\n"
+            "if (!form) { throw Error('Unable to find containing form element'); }\n"
+            "if (!form.ownerDocument) { throw Error('Unable to find owning document'); }\n"
+            "var e = form.ownerDocument.createEvent('Event');\n"
+            "e.initEvent('submit', true, true);\n"
+            "if (form.dispatchEvent(e)) { HTMLFormElement.prototype.submit.call(form) }\n"
+        )
+
+        try:
+            self._parent.execute_script(script, self)
+        except JavascriptException as exc:
+            raise WebDriverException("To submit an element, it must be nested inside a form element") from exc
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clears the text if it's a text entry element.
+
+        Example:
+            text_field = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "username")
+            text_field.clear()
+        """
+        self._execute(Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT)
+
+    def get_property(self, name) -> str | bool | WebElement | dict:
+        """Gets the given property of the element.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Name of the property to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value of the property.
+
+        Example:
+            text_length = target_element.get_property("text_length")
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY, {"name": name})["value"]
+        except WebDriverException:
+            # if we hit an end point that doesn't understand getElementProperty lets fake it
+            return self.parent.execute_script("return arguments[0][arguments[1]]", self, name)
+
+    def get_dom_attribute(self, name) -> str:
+        """Get the HTML attribute value (not reflected properties) of the element.
+
+        Returns only attributes declared in the element's HTML markup, unlike
+        `selenium.webdriver.remote.BaseWebElement.get_attribute`.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Name of the attribute to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value of the attribute.
+
+        Example:
+            text_length = target_element.get_dom_attribute("class")
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE, {"name": name})["value"]
+
+    def get_attribute(self, name) -> str | None:
+        """Gets the given attribute or property of the element.
+
+        This method will first try to return the value of a property with the
+        given name. If a property with that name doesn't exist, it returns the
+        value of the attribute with the same name. If there's no attribute with
+        that name, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        Values which are considered truthy, that is equals "true" or "false",
+        are returned as booleans.  All other non-``None`` values are returned
+        as strings.  For attributes or properties which do not exist, ``None``
+        is returned.
+
+        To obtain the exact value of the attribute or property,
+        use :func:`~selenium.webdriver.remote.BaseWebElement.get_dom_attribute` or
+        :func:`~selenium.webdriver.remote.BaseWebElement.get_property` methods respectively.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Name of the attribute/property to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value of the attribute/property.
+
+        Example:
+            # Check if the "active" CSS class is applied to an element.
+            is_active = "active" in target_element.get_attribute("class")
+        """
+        if getAttribute_js is None:
+            _load_js()
+        attribute_value = self.parent.execute_script(
+            f"/* getAttribute */return ({getAttribute_js}).apply(null, arguments);", self, name
+        )
+        return attribute_value
+
+    def is_selected(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether the element is selected.
+
+        This method is generally used on checkboxes, options in a select
+        and radio buttons.
+
+        Example:
+            is_selected = element.is_selected()
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED)["value"]
+
+    def is_enabled(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether the element is enabled.
+
+        Example:
+            is_enabled = element.is_enabled()
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED)["value"]
+
+    def send_keys(self, *value: str) -> None:
+        """Simulates typing into the element.
+
+        Use this to send simple key events or to fill out form fields.
+        This can also be used to set file inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            value: A string for typing, or setting form fields. For setting
+                file inputs, this could be a local file path.
+
+        Examples:
+            To send a simple key event::
+
+            form_textfield = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "username")
+            form_textfield.send_keys("admin")
+
+            or to set a file input field::
+
+            file_input = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "profilePic")
+            file_input.send_keys("path/to/profilepic.gif")
+            # Generally it's better to wrap the file path in one of the methods
+            # in os.path to return the actual path to support cross OS testing.
+            # file_input.send_keys(os.path.abspath("path/to/profilepic.gif"))
+        """
+        # transfer file to another machine only if remote driver is used
+        # the same behaviour as for java binding
+        if self.parent._is_remote:
+            local_files = list(
+                map(
+                    lambda keys_to_send: self.parent.file_detector.is_local_file(str(keys_to_send)),
+                    "".join(map(str, value)).split("\n"),
+                )
+            )
+            if None not in local_files:
+                remote_files = []
+                for file in local_files:
+                    remote_files.append(self._upload(file))
+                value = tuple("\n".join(remote_files))
+
+        self._execute(
+            Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT, {"text": "".join(keys_to_typing(value)), "value": keys_to_typing(value)}
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def shadow_root(self) -> ShadowRoot:
+        """Get the shadow root attached to this element if present (Chromium, Firefox, Safari).
+
+        Returns:
+            The ShadowRoot object.
+
+        Raises:
+            NoSuchShadowRoot: If no shadow root was attached to element.
+
+        Example:
+            try:
+                shadow_root = element.shadow_root
+            except NoSuchShadowRoot:
+                print("No shadow root attached to element")
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_SHADOW_ROOT)["value"]
+
+    # RenderedWebElement Items
+    def is_displayed(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the element is visible to a user.
+
+        Example:
+            is_displayed = element.is_displayed()
+        """
+        # Only go into this conditional for browsers that don't use the atom themselves
+        if isDisplayed_js is None:
+            _load_js()
+        return self.parent.execute_script(f"/* isDisplayed */return ({isDisplayed_js}).apply(null, arguments);", self)
+
+    @property
+    def location_once_scrolled_into_view(self) -> dict:
+        """Get the element's location on screen after scrolling it into view.
+
+        This may change without warning and scrolls the element into view
+        before calculating coordinates for clicking purposes.
+
+        Returns:
+            The top lefthand corner location on the screen, or zero
+            coordinates if the element is not visible.
+
+        Example:
+            loc = element.location_once_scrolled_into_view
+        """
+        old_loc = self._execute(
+            Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT,
+            {
+                "script": "arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true); return arguments[0].getBoundingClientRect()",
+                "args": [self],
+            },
+        )["value"]
+        return {"x": round(old_loc["x"]), "y": round(old_loc["y"])}
+
+    @property
+    def size(self) -> dict:
+        """Get the size of the element.
+
+        Returns:
+            The width and height of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            size = element.size
+        """
+        size = self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT)["value"]
+        new_size = {"height": size["height"], "width": size["width"]}
+        return new_size
+
+    def value_of_css_property(self, property_name) -> str:
+        """Get the value of a CSS property.
+
+        Args:
+            property_name: The name of the CSS property to get the value of.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value of the CSS property.
+
+        Example:
+            value = element.value_of_css_property("color")
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY, {"propertyName": property_name})["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def location(self) -> dict:
+        """Get the location of the element in the renderable canvas.
+
+        Returns:
+            The x and y coordinates of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            loc = element.location
+        """
+        old_loc = self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT)["value"]
+        new_loc = {"x": round(old_loc["x"]), "y": round(old_loc["y"])}
+        return new_loc
+
+    @property
+    def rect(self) -> dict:
+        """Get the size and location of the element.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary with size and location of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            rect = element.rect
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT)["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def aria_role(self) -> str:
+        """Get the ARIA role of the current web element.
+
+        Returns:
+            The ARIA role of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            role = element.aria_role
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_ROLE)["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def accessible_name(self) -> str:
+        """Get the ARIA Level of the current webelement.
+
+        Returns:
+            The ARIA Level of the element.
+
+        Example:
+            name = element.accessible_name
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_LABEL)["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def screenshot_as_base64(self) -> str:
+        """Get a base64-encoded screenshot of the current element.
+
+        Returns:
+            The screenshot of the element as a base64 encoded string.
+
+        Example:
+            img_b64 = element.screenshot_as_base64
+        """
+        return self._execute(Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT)["value"]
+
+    @property
+    def screenshot_as_png(self) -> bytes:
+        """Get the screenshot of the current element as a binary data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The screenshot of the element as binary data.
+
+        Example:
+            element_png = element.screenshot_as_png
+        """
+        return b64decode(self.screenshot_as_base64.encode("ascii"))
+
+    def screenshot(self, filename) -> bool:
+        """Save a PNG screenshot of the current element to a file.
+
+        Use full paths in your filename.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This
+                should end with a `.png` extension.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the screenshot was saved successfully, False otherwise.
+
+        Example:
+            element.screenshot("/Screenshots/foo.png")
+        """
+        if not filename.lower().endswith(".png"):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "name used for saved screenshot does not match file type. It should end with a `.png` extension",
+                UserWarning,
+            )
+        png = self.screenshot_as_png
+        try:
+            with open(filename, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(png)
+        except OSError:
+            return False
+        finally:
+            del png
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self):
+        """Get the WebDriver instance this element was found from.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
+            parent_element = element.parent
+        """
+        return self._parent
+
+    @property
+    def id(self) -> str:
+        """Get the ID used by selenium.
+
+        This is mainly for internal use. Simple use cases such as checking if 2
+        webelements refer to the same element, can be done using ``==``::
+
+        Example:
+            if element1 == element2:
+                print("These 2 are equal")
+        """
+        return self._id
+
+    def __eq__(self, element):
+        return hasattr(element, "id") and self._id == element.id
+
+    def __ne__(self, element):
+        return not self.__eq__(element)
+
+    # Private Methods
+    def _execute(self, command, params=None):
+        """Executes a command against the underlying HTML element.
+
+        Args:
+            command: The name of the command to _execute as a string.
+            params: A dictionary of named Parameters to send with the command.
+
+        Returns:
+            The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
+        """
+        if not params:
+            params = {}
+        params["id"] = self._id
+        return self._parent.execute(command, params)
+
+    def find_element(self, by: str = By.ID, value: str | None = None) -> WebElement:
+        """Find an element given a By strategy and locator.
+
+        Args:
+            by: The locating strategy to use. Default is `By.ID`. Supported values include:
+                - By.ID: Locate by element ID.
+                - By.NAME: Locate by the `name` attribute.
+                - By.XPATH: Locate by an XPath expression.
+                - By.CSS_SELECTOR: Locate by a CSS selector.
+                - By.CLASS_NAME: Locate by the `class` attribute.
+                - By.TAG_NAME: Locate by the tag name (e.g., "input", "button").
+                - By.LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by its exact text.
+                - By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by partial text match.
+            value: The locator value to use with the specified `by` strategy.
+
+        Returns:
+            The first matching `WebElement` found on the page.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
+        """
+        by, value = self._parent.locator_converter.convert(by, value)
+        return self._execute(Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
+
+    def find_elements(self, by: str = By.ID, value: str | None = None) -> list[WebElement]:
+        """Find elements given a By strategy and locator.
+
+        Args:
+            by: The locating strategy to use. Default is `By.ID`. Supported values include:
+                - By.ID: Locate by element ID.
+                - By.NAME: Locate by the `name` attribute.
+                - By.XPATH: Locate by an XPath expression.
+                - By.CSS_SELECTOR: Locate by a CSS selector.
+                - By.CLASS_NAME: Locate by the `class` attribute.
+                - By.TAG_NAME: Locate by the tag name (e.g., "input", "button").
+                - By.LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by its exact text.
+                - By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by partial text match.
+            value: The locator value to use with the specified `by` strategy.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of `WebElements` matching locator strategy found on the page.
+
+        Example:
+            element = driver.find_elements(By.ID, "foo")
+        """
+        by, value = self._parent.locator_converter.convert(by, value)
+        return self._execute(Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return int(md5_hash(self._id.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(), 16)
+
+    def _upload(self, filename):
+        fp = BytesIO()
+        zipped = zipfile.ZipFile(fp, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+        zipped.write(filename, os.path.split(filename)[1])
+        zipped.close()
+        content = encodebytes(fp.getvalue())
+        if not isinstance(content, str):
+            content = content.decode("utf-8")
+        try:
+            return self._execute(Command.UPLOAD_FILE, {"file": content})["value"]
+        except WebDriverException as e:
+            if "Unrecognized command: POST" in str(e):
+                return filename
+            if "Command not found: POST " in str(e):
+                return filename
+            if '{"status":405,"value":["GET","HEAD","DELETE"]}' in str(e):
+                return filename
+            raise
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import json
+import logging
+from ssl import CERT_NONE
+from threading import Thread
+from time import sleep
+
+from websocket import WebSocketApp
+
+from selenium.common import WebDriverException
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class WebSocketConnection:
+    _max_log_message_size = 9999
+
+    def __init__(self, url, timeout, interval):
+        if not isinstance(timeout, (int, float)) or timeout < 0:
+            raise WebDriverException("timeout must be a positive number")
+        if not isinstance(interval, (int, float)) or timeout < 0:
+            raise WebDriverException("interval must be a positive number")
+
+        self.url = url
+        self.response_wait_timeout = timeout
+        self.response_wait_interval = interval
+
+        self.callbacks = {}
+        self.session_id = None
+        self._id = 0
+        self._messages = {}
+        self._started = False
+
+        self._start_ws()
+        self._wait_until(lambda: self._started)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._ws_thread.join(timeout=self.response_wait_timeout)
+        self._ws.close()
+        self._started = False
+        self._ws = None
+
+    def execute(self, command):
+        self._id += 1
+        payload = self._serialize_command(command)
+        payload["id"] = self._id
+        if self.session_id:
+            payload["sessionId"] = self.session_id
+
+        data = json.dumps(payload)
+        logger.debug(f"-> {data}"[: self._max_log_message_size])
+        self._ws.send(data)
+
+        current_id = self._id
+        self._wait_until(lambda: current_id in self._messages)
+        response = self._messages.pop(current_id)
+
+        if "error" in response:
+            error = response["error"]
+            if "message" in response:
+                error_msg = f"{error}: {response['message']}"
+                raise WebDriverException(error_msg)
+            else:
+                raise WebDriverException(error)
+        else:
+            result = response["result"]
+            return self._deserialize_result(result, command)
+
+    def add_callback(self, event, callback):
+        event_name = event.event_class
+        if event_name not in self.callbacks:
+            self.callbacks[event_name] = []
+
+        def _callback(params):
+            callback(event.from_json(params))
+
+        self.callbacks[event_name].append(_callback)
+        return id(_callback)
+
+    on = add_callback
+
+    def remove_callback(self, event, callback_id):
+        event_name = event.event_class
+        if event_name in self.callbacks:
+            for callback in self.callbacks[event_name]:
+                if id(callback) == callback_id:
+                    self.callbacks[event_name].remove(callback)
+                    return
+
+    def _serialize_command(self, command):
+        return next(command)
+
+    def _deserialize_result(self, result, command):
+        try:
+            _ = command.send(result)
+            raise WebDriverException("The command's generator function did not exit when expected!")
+        except StopIteration as exit:
+            return exit.value
+
+    def _start_ws(self):
+        def on_open(ws):
+            self._started = True
+
+        def on_message(ws, message):
+            self._process_message(message)
+
+        def on_error(ws, error):
+            logger.debug(f"error: {error}")
+            ws.close()
+
+        def run_socket():
+            if self.url.startswith("wss://"):
+                self._ws.run_forever(sslopt={"cert_reqs": CERT_NONE}, suppress_origin=True)
+            else:
+                self._ws.run_forever(suppress_origin=True)
+
+        self._ws = WebSocketApp(self.url, on_open=on_open, on_message=on_message, on_error=on_error)
+        self._ws_thread = Thread(target=run_socket, daemon=True)
+        self._ws_thread.start()
+
+    def _process_message(self, message):
+        message = json.loads(message)
+        logger.debug(f"<- {message}"[: self._max_log_message_size])
+
+        if "id" in message:
+            self._messages[message["id"]] = message
+
+        if "method" in message:
+            params = message["params"]
+            for callback in self.callbacks.get(message["method"], []):
+                Thread(target=callback, args=(params,), daemon=True).start()
+
+    def _wait_until(self, condition):
+        timeout = self.response_wait_timeout
+        interval = self.response_wait_interval
+
+        while timeout > 0:
+            result = condition()
+            if result:
+                return result
+            else:
+                timeout -= interval
+                sleep(interval)